ChinaRiceCalendar – seasonal crop calendars for early-, middle-, and late-season rice in China

Long time series and large-scale rice calendar datasets provide valuable information for agricultural planning and field management in rice-based cropping systems. However, current regional-level rice calendar datasets do not accurately distinguish between rice seasons in China, causing uncertainty in crop model simulation and climate change impact analysis. Based on satellite remote sensing data, we extracted transplanting, heading, and maturity dates of early-, middle-, and late-season rice across China from 2003 to 2022 and established a multi-season rice calendar dataset named ChinaRiceCalendar (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EUP8EYhttps://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EUP8EY, Liu et al., 2023). Overall, the ChinaRiceCalendar dataset shows good agreement with field-observed phenological dates of early-, middle-, and late-season rice in Chinese agricultural meteorological stations (AMSs). According to the calendar data from 2003 to 2022 in China, the transplanting dates for early-, middle-, and late-season rice shifted by inline-formula+0.7, inline-formula−0.7, and inline-formula−5.1 DOY (day of year) per decade, respectively; the heading dates for early-, middle-, and late-season rice shifted by inline-formula−0.5, inline-formula+2.7, and inline-formula−0.6 DOY per decade, respectively; the maturity dates for early-, middle-, and late-season rice shifted by inline-formula−0.7, inline-formula+3.8, and inline-formula−1.6 DOY per decade, respectively. ChinaRiceCalendar can be utilized to investigate and optimize the spatiotemporal structure of rice cultivation in China under climate and land use change.