Information Content of Brightness Temperature Differences of Spaceborne Imagers with respect to Cloud Phase

This study investigates the sensitivity of two brightness temperature differences (BTDs) in the infrared (IR) window of the SEVIRI imager to various cloud parameters in order to better understand their information content, with a focus on cloud thermodynamic phase. To this end, this study presents radiative transfer calculations, providing an overview of the relative importance of all radiatively relevant cloud parameters, including thermodynamic phase, cloud top temperature (CTT), optical thickness (τ), effective radius (R _eff) and ice crystal habit. By disentangling the roles of cloud absorption and scattering, we are able to explain the relationships of the BTDs to the cloud parameters on the one hand by spectral differences in the cloud optical properties. In addition, an effect due to the nonlinear transformation from radiances to brightness temperatures contributes to the specific characteristics of the BTDs and their dependence on τ and CTT. We find that the dependence of the BTDs on phase is more complex than sometimes assumed. Although both BTDs are directly sensitive to phase, this sensitivity is comparatively small in contrast to other cloud parameters. Instead, the primary link between phase and the BTDs lies in their sensitivity to CTT, which is associated with phase. One consequence is that distinguishing high ice clouds from low liquid clouds is straightforward, but distinguishing mid-level ice clouds from mid-level liquid clouds is challenging. These findings help to better understand and improve the working principles of phase retrieval algorithms.