Detecting nitrogen oxide emissions in Qatar and quantifying emission factors of gas-fired power plants – a 4-year study

Nitrogen oxides inline-formula $M2inlinescrollmathml(chem{\mathrm{normal\; NO}}_x=chem\mathrm{normal\; NO}+chem{\mathrm{normal\; NO}}_{\mathrm{normal\; 2}})$ 93pt13ptsvg-formulamathimg79a4e6d4a679c46f41fa8ce5cb168f13 acp-23-13565-2023-ie00001.svg93pt13ptacp-23-13565-2023-ie00001.png , produced in urban areas and industrial facilities (particularly in fossil-fuel-fired power plants), are major sources of air pollutants, with implications for human health, leading local and national authorities to estimate their emissions using inventories. In Qatar, these inventories are not regularly updated, while the country is experiencing fast economic growth. Here, we use spaceborne retrievals of nitrogen dioxide (NOinline-formula₂) columns at high spatial resolution from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to estimate inline-formulaNO_x emissions in Qatar from 2019 to 2022 with a flux-divergence scheme, according to which emissions are calculated as the sum of a transport term and a sink term representing the three-body reaction comprising NOinline-formula₂ and hydroxyl radical (OH). Our results highlight emissions from gas power plants in the northeast of the country and from the urban area of the capital, Doha. The emissions from cement plants in the west and different industrial facilities in the southeast are underestimated due to frequent low-quality measurements of NOinline-formula₂ columns in these areas. Our top-down model estimates a weekly cycle, with lower emissions on Fridays compared to the rest of the week, which is consistent with social norms in the country, and an annual cycle, with mean emissions of 9.56 kt per month for the 4-year period. These monthly emissions differ from the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service global anthropogenic emissions (CAMS-GLOB-ANT_v5.3) and the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGARv6.1) global inventories, for which the annual cycle is less marked and the average emissions are respectively 1.67 and 1.68 times higher. Our emission estimates are correlated with local electricity generation and allow us to infer a mean inline-formulaNO_x emission factor of 0.557 tinline-formula $M8inlinescrollmathml{}_{chem{\mathrm{normal\; NO}}_x}$ 18pt10ptsvg-formulamathimg24cabb57fe10bb4b3841dffa060d9319 acp-23-13565-2023-ie00002.svg18pt10ptacp-23-13565-2023-ie00002.png  GWhinline-formula⁻¹ for the three gas power plants in the Ras Laffan area.