Spatial and diurnal variations of aerosol organosulfates in summertime Shanghai, China: potential influence of photochemical processes and anthropogenic sulfate pollution

Organosulfates (OSs) are ubiquitous aerosol components, which has seen intense research over years. However, spatial and diurnal variations in OS formation in polluted atmospheres remain poorly understood. In this study, 130 OS species were quantified (or semi-quantified) in ambient fine particulate matter (PMinline-formula_2.5) collected in urban and suburban Shanghai (East China) in the summer of 2021. Isoprene- and monoterpene-derived OSs were dominant OS groups (averaging 51 % and 19 % of total quantified OSs, respectively), likely indicating a large biogenic contribution to OS formation in summer. Most OSs peaked during daytime, while monoterpene-derived nitrooxy-OSs (NOSinline-formula_m) increased during nighttime. Accordingly, OSs were largely produced via daytime formation processes, rather than nighttime chemistry, except for NOSinline-formula_m. Additionally, although OS formation in the urban and suburban areas exhibited similar diurnal variations, the average concentrations of biogenic and anthropogenic OSs decreased significantly from the urban site to the suburban site. Furthermore, we concretized daytime OS formation based on the interactions among OSs, ultraviolet (UV), ozone (Oinline-formula₃), and sulfate (SOinline-formula $M5inlinescrollmathml{}_{\mathrm{normal\; 4}}^{\mathrm{normal\; 2}-}$ 13pt17ptsvg-formulamathimg277c1427ed297c2e5c45f7f988764cfe acp-23-13433-2023-ie00001.svg13pt17ptacp-23-13433-2023-ie00001.png ). Indeed, the concentrations of most OSs were significantly correlated with the values of UV[Oinline-formula₃][SOinline-formula $M7inlinescrollmathml{}_{\mathrm{normal\; 4}}^{\mathrm{normal\; 2}-}$ 13pt17ptsvg-formulamathimg972fd8e8ae3fad8e22756ca8f92061a6 acp-23-13433-2023-ie00002.svg13pt17ptacp-23-13433-2023-ie00002.png ] during daytime in both urban and suburban Shanghai. In particular, the correlation between major OSs and UV[Oinline-formula₃][SOinline-formula $M9inlinescrollmathml{}_{\mathrm{normal\; 4}}^{\mathrm{normal\; 2}-}$ 13pt17ptsvg-formulamathimg5471cf9633c00eb7ce2a8165ca87d146 acp-23-13433-2023-ie00003.svg13pt17ptacp-23-13433-2023-ie00003.png ] was stronger than the correlation of major OSs with Oinline-formula₃ and SOinline-formula $M11inlinescrollmathml{}_{\mathrm{normal\; 4}}^{\mathrm{normal\; 2}-}$ 13pt17ptsvg-formulamathimg6181d6711c50a62cc80d469e7dc67eab acp-23-13433-2023-ie00004.svg13pt17ptacp-23-13433-2023-ie00004.png ; moreover, there was no significant correlation between major OSs and UV. Thus, higher urban OS events were attributed to the enhanced photochemical processes and sulfate level in the urban area. Overall, this study provides field evidence for the influence of photochemical processes and anthropogenic sulfate on OS formation and has important implications for the mitigation of organic particulate pollution.